Science · Mind

Why the Human Brain Is Built to Find Patterns

How we detect repetition, faces, sequences and meaning, sometimes where there is none.

The question

Why do we see faces in clouds, and feel that coincidences must mean something?

The short answer

Brains are prediction machines. Spotting regularities quickly helped our ancestors survive, and the cost of that speed is false alarms: seeing patterns in randomness.

Two dots and a curve are enough for most people to see a face. The same pattern-finding that spots real structure also finds it in noise.

What science knows

Established Science

Many neuroscientists describe perception as prediction: the brain constantly guesses what comes next and updates when it is wrong. Recognising repetition, sequence and structure makes those guesses cheaper.

Faces get special treatment. Regions such as the fusiform face area respond strongly to faces, and imaging studies have found that seeing a face in an object (pareidolia) activates face-related areas too.

The pattern

Established Science

Pattern errors come in two kinds: missing a real pattern, and seeing one that is not there. Where a false alarm is cheap and a miss is costly (a rustle that might be a predator), leaning towards false alarms is a reasonable strategy.

TermWhat it means
ApopheniaSeeing meaningful connections in unrelated things (coined by Klaus Conrad, 1958)
PareidoliaSeeing faces or shapes in random images
Confirmation biasNoticing and remembering what fits what we already believe

What is still uncertain

Active Research

Whether “predictive processing” is a complete theory of the brain is debated. Researchers also disagree on how much pattern-seeking differs between people and why some are more prone to seeing meaning in coincidence.

Why humans find it interesting

Cultural Tradition

Constellations, omens, calendars and proverbs are all ways people have organised experience into patterns. Some, like seasons and tides, reflect real regularities; others reflect our appetite for meaning.

CUE perspective

CUE Perspective

CUE is built on noticing patterns, so it has to be honest about how pattern-finding works. The same instinct that finds real rhythms in a week can find meaning in noise.

CUE’s answer is to label what is measured, what is tradition and what is CUE’s own interpretation, and to offer readings as prompts for reflection rather than facts about your future.

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Sources

  • Clark, “Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science”, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (2013)
  • Liu et al., “Seeing Jesus in toast: neural and behavioral correlates of face pareidolia”, Cortex 53 (2014)
  • Wason, “On the failure to eliminate hypotheses in a conceptual task”, Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12 (1960)
  • Conrad, Die beginnende Schizophrenie (1958)

Written by CUE from the sources above. Some topics were suggested by Polymath; its claims are not reproduced.